Transport network criticality metrics: a comparative analysis and a guideline for selection

ABSTRACT

Transport network criticality analysis aims at ranking transport infrastructure elements based on their contribution to the performance of the overall infrastructure network. Despite the wide variety of transport network criticality metrics, little guidance is available on selecting metrics that are fit for the specific purpose of a study. To address this gap, this study reviews, evaluates and compares seventeen criticality metrics. First, we conceptually evaluate these metrics in terms of the functionality of the transport system that the metrics try to represent (either maintaining connectivity, reducing travel cost, or improving accessibility), the underlying ethical principles (either utilitarianism or egalitarianism), and the spatial aggregation considered by the metrics (either network-wide or localised). Next, we empirically compare the metrics by calculating them for eight transport networks. We define the empirical similarity between two metrics as the degree to which they yield similar rankings of infrastructure elements. Pairs of metrics that have high empirical similarity highlight the same set of transport infrastructure elements as critical. We find that empirical similarity is partly dependent on the network’s topology. We also observe that metrics that are conceptually similar do not necessarily have high empirical similarity. Based on the insights from the conceptual and empirical comparison, we propose a five-step guideline for transport authorities and analysts to identify the set of criticality metrics to use which best aligns with the nature of their policy questions.     

中外岸坡抗强震设计方法对比

天然岸坡以及工程岸坡(如防波堤、驳岸、航道等)在众多海外项目中普遍存在,并往往因为强震作用而产生显著的位移变形。国内外技术规范以及参考指南针对这一问题,分别提出拟静力法、Newmark滑块位移法、时程位移分析法等设计方法。针对不同方法以及判别标准,依托海外某回填陆域工程的岸坡稳定及位移分析结论,分别采用滑弧稳定分析、地震位移经验公式以及时程位移分析,进行方案的综合分析论证。结果表明,中外不同分析方法的判别标准稍有差别,但均能较好地依托实际,在总体安全储备方面相符。     

The vulnerability of the environment to spills of dangerous substances on highways: A diagnosis based on multi criteria modeling

Highways and freeways are the main infrastructure channel used to transport cargo in Brazil. This cargo often includes dangerous chemical products which can, in the event of an accident, negatively impact the environment. The development and implementation of tools for the rapid diagnosis of environmental vulnerability in the transportation of dangerous goods has been studied. However, for highways and freeways there is a lack of studies based on environmental attributes, and not just based on statistical data which demands a specific period for collection and analysis and only after that the implementation of preventive measures. Thus, evaluation grounded on multiple criteria embedded in Geographic Information System (GIS) has significant potential for the practical implementation of risk management of road transportation of dangerous goods. This study has determined the environmental vulnerability of route BR 050, specifically the segment between the cities of Uberlândia and Uberaba in the state of Minas Gerais, where multi criteria analysis has been efficient in determining the most vulnerable areas. The main attributes analyzed were the drainage density, soil type and geology, determining that in case of an accident with dangerous substances the regional environment would be immediately affected, and so endorsing the use of this tool in many segments involved in environmental management of highway enterprises.     

水上振冲法在低强度饱和黏性土地基处理中的应用

以大连港东部地区搬迁改造项目游艇码头工程的地基处理为例,通过对工程试验区的研究,提出了合理的设计标准和施工工艺方法。通过对碎石桩质量检测的研究,提出了通过沉箱压载试验和重型动力触探相结合的方式对碎石桩质量进行检测,分析了该项目中碎石桩成桩效果,总结了水上振冲法在低强度饱和黏性土中的工程经验及质量检测标准。     

上海市道路隧道结构设计标准综述

通过调研和总结上海已建15座盾构隧道的设计资料,对现有隧道存在的病害进行了归类分析,提出了隧道病害的预防与治理措施;对明挖段的围护设计选型、结构工程规模和盾构隧道几何设计参数进行了统计分析,提出了明挖接线段围护结构选型及插入比的建议,明确了明挖结构的计算模型和计算参数;对已建盾构隧道的埋深、最小曲线半径、最小线间距、最大坡度等几何参数进行了详细分析,总结出了工作井平面尺寸的确定方法和盾构进出洞的关键技术。     

安全水平法在SOLAS 救生艇结构强度衡准制定中的应用

本文将安全水平法应用于SOLAS第III章救生艇结构强度衡准的制定。主要采用综合安全评估对救生艇结构强度相关的功能性要求进行衡准的初步制定,从而得出需要的安全水平。基于强度衡准理论分析、实艇试验和事故数据分析相结合的方式评估了现有救生艇结构强度的安全水平,对衡准的合理性提出修改的建议。研究结果为安全水平法在船舶技术标准制定和安全水平评估方面的应用提供了实际案例和使用建议。     

橡胶沥青生产工艺关键技术参数的研究

通过分析高速剪切搅拌和低速叶片式搅拌等搅拌方式以及橡胶粉规格和掺量对橡胶沥青性能的影响,建立175,200和225℃条件下橡胶沥青粘度和延度随搅拌时间的变化规律,提出了以粘度为核心控制指标的橡胶沥青生产工艺参数的确定方法．基于室内测试结果,提出了橡胶沥青技术要求．通过橡胶沥青试生产,验证了橡胶沥青生产工艺的技术参数．对生产的橡胶沥青及其混合料性能进行了测试,其各项指标满足相关技术要求．     

Finding time‐robust fuel‐efficient paths for a call‐taxi in a stochastic city road network

Intra‐city commuting is being revolutionized by call‐taxi services in many developing countries such as India. A customer requests a taxi via phone, and it arrives at the right time and at the right location for the pick‐up. This mode of intra‐city travel has become one of the most reliable and convenient modes of transportation for customers traveling for business and non‐business purposes. The increased number of vehicles on city roads and raising fuel costs has prompted a new type of transportation logistics problem of finding a fuel‐efficient and quickest path for a call‐taxi through a city road network, where the travel times are stochastic. The stochastic travel time of the road network is induced by obstacles such as the traffic signals and intersections. The delay and additional fuel consumption at each of these obstacles are calculated that are later imputed to the total travel time and fuel consumption of a path. A Monte‐Carlo simulation‐based approach is proposed to identify unique fuel‐efficient paths between two locations in a city road network where each obstacle has a delay distribution. A multi‐criteria score is then assigned to each unique path based on the probability that the path is fuel efficient, the average travel time of the path and the coefficient of variation of the travel times of the path. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水下爆炸试验相似准则

水下爆炸现象很复杂,根本不可能做到完全性的相似,哪怕做到一般船舶力学中的流体近似相似也相当困难.因此文献中有关水下爆炸相似律的描述就显得特别简单、笼统和模糊.文章首先对已经公认的一次冲击波的相似律作些解释,说明对一次冲击波的相似律也就是这些了,否则只能做原型试验,再对文献中没有出现过的气泡脉冲相似律的选择作了推导,最后将水下爆炸相似律拓广到与结构耦合上去.     

浅埋大跨隧道下穿建筑物时的变形控制标准

厦门市机场路一期梧村山隧道,设计为浅埋大跨结构,并要求下穿密集浦南建筑物片区。为控制该区严峻的环境风险,特别是建筑物的变形风险,建立相应的建筑物变形控制标准,通过施工现场试验段、先期施工、开挖、辅助工法的实施,以及全方位的变形监控量测结果,对该控制标准进行工程验证与反馈分析,从而形成可靠、可操作的变形过程控制综合指标,作为下穿建筑物项目风险管理体系的核心要素。研究成果已得到专家组的认可,并在现场开始付诸实施,其控制效果良好。